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The Sun is a star at the center of the Solar System. It is a nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, with internal convective motion that generates a magnetic field via a dynamo process. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Its diameter is about 1.39 million kilometers, or 109 times that of Earth, and its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth. It accounts for about 99.8% of the total mass of the Solar System. Chemically, about three quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen, while the rest is mostly helium. The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star, and, as such, generates its energy by nuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in its core, releasing photons that eventually reach the Sun's surface and radiate into space. The Sun's core has a temperature of over 15 million degrees Celsius, and the Sun's surface temperature is about 5500 degrees Celsius.

The Sun formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a region within a large molecular cloud. Most of the matter gathered in the center, eventually becoming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk that became the Solar System. The Sun's position at the center of the Solar System is crucial for the Earth, as it provides the light and warmth that make the planet habitable. The Earth's axial tilt and its orbit around the Sun give rise to the seasons, which provide a rhythmic climate pattern that sustains life. The Solar System has developed steadily for billions of years, and the Sun is expected to continue burning hydrogen into helium for about another 5 billion years before it starts to die.

The Sun is an ordinary, even slightly sub-average, star in terms of its mass and energy output compared to other stars in the universe. However, its importance to Earth and the life it supports cannot be overstated. The study of the Sun, including its formation and its effects on the Solar System, is a crucial field of scientific research known as heliophysics. Understanding the Sun is vital not only for comprehending our place in the universe, but also for practical applications such as space weather prediction, which can affect satellite operations, communications, and power grids on Earth.

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